In the first few months of 1610, Galileo Galilei pointed a small twenty-power telescope at Jupiter. What he observed changed the way we understood the universe.
With his telescope, Galileo saw what appeared to be three faint stars in a straight line near Jupiter. The next evening he saw what appeared to be the same three stars, but it seemed Jupiter had moved in the opposite direction to its expected motion. Within a few days it became clear that Galileo wasn’t observing the motion of Jupiter relative to some faint stars, but rather these stars were moving along with Jupiter.